MAJJHIMANIKĀYA- TRUNG BỘ KINH
CHÁNH KINH PALI |
CHÚ GIẢI PALI |
BẢN DỊCH VIỆT |
8. Vāseṭṭhasuttaṃ |
8. Vāseṭṭhasuttavaṇṇanā |
98. Kinh Vàsettha |
454. Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā icchānaṅgale [icchānaṅkale (sī. pī.)] viharati icchānaṅgalavanasaṇḍe. Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā abhiññātā abhiññātā brāhmaṇamahāsālā icchānaṅgale paṭivasanti, seyyathidaṃ – caṅkī brāhmaṇo, tārukkho brāhmaṇo, pokkharasāti brāhmaṇo, jāṇussoṇi [jāṇussoṇī (pī.), jāṇusoṇī (ka.)] brāhmaṇo, todeyyo brāhmaṇo, aññe ca abhiññātā abhiññātā brāhmaṇamahāsālā. Atha kho vāseṭṭhabhāradvājānaṃ māṇavānaṃ jaṅghāvihāraṃ anucaṅkamantānaṃ anuvicarantānaṃ [anucaṅkamamānānaṃ anuvicaramānānaṃ (sī. pī.)] ayamantarākathā udapādi – ‘‘kathaṃ, bho, brāhmaṇo hotī’’ti? Bhāradvājo māṇavo evamāha – ‘‘yato kho, bho, ubhato sujāto mātito ca pitito ca saṃsuddhagahaṇiko yāva sattamā pitāmahayugā akkhitto anupakkuṭṭho jātivādena – ettāvatā kho, bho, brāhmaṇo hotī’’ti. Vāseṭṭho māṇavo evamāha – ‘‘yato kho, bho, sīlavā ca hoti vattasampanno [vatasampanno (pī.)] ca – ettāvatā kho, bho, brāhmaṇo hotī’’ti. Neva kho asakkhi bhāradvājo māṇavo vāseṭṭhaṃ māṇavaṃ saññāpetuṃ, na pana asakkhi vāseṭṭho māṇavo bhāradvājaṃ māṇavaṃ saññāpetuṃ. Atha kho vāseṭṭho māṇavo bhāradvājaṃ māṇavaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘ayaṃ kho, bho bhāradvāja, samaṇo gotamo sakyaputto sakyakulā pabbajito icchānaṅgale viharati icchānaṅgalavanasaṇḍe. Taṃ kho pana bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abbhuggato – ‘itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā’ti. Āyāma, bho bhāradvāja, yena samaṇo gotamo tenupasaṅkamissāma; upasaṅkamitvā samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ etamatthaṃ pucchissāma. Yathā no samaṇo gotamo byākarissati tathā naṃ dhāressāmā’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho bhāradvājo māṇavo vāseṭṭhassa māṇavassa paccassosi. |
454.Evaṃme sutanti vāseṭṭhasuttaṃ. Tattha icchānaṅgalavanasaṇḍeti icchānaṅgalagāmassa avidūre vanasaṇḍe. Caṅkīti ādayo pañcapi janā rañño pasenadissa kosalassa purohitā eva. Aññe ca abhiññātāti aññe ca bahū abhiññātā brāhmaṇā. Te kira chaṭṭhe chaṭṭhe māse dvīsu ṭhānesu sannipatanti. Yadā jātiṃ sodhetukāmā honti, tadā pokkharasātissa santike jātisodhanatthaṃ ukkaṭṭhāya sannipatanti. Yadā mante sodhetukāmā honti, tadā icchānaṅgale sannipatanti. Imasmiṃ kāle mantasodhanatthaṃ sannipatiṃsu. Ayamantarā kathāti yaṃ attano sahāyakabhāvānurūpaṃ kathaṃ kathentā anuvicariṃsu, tassā kathāya antarā ayamaññā kathā udapādi. Sīlavāti guṇavā. Vattasampannoti ācārasampanno. |
454. Như vầy tôi nghe. Một thời Thế Tôn trú ở Icchanankala (Y-xa-năng -gia-la), tại khu rừng Icchanankala. Lúc bấy giờ có rất nhiều Bà-la-môn danh tiếng và giàu có trú tại Icchanankala như Bà-la-môn Canki, Bà-la-môn Tarukkha, Bà-la-môn Pokkharasati, Bà-la-môn Janussoni, Bà-la-môn Todeyya cùng rất nhiều Bà-la-môn danh tiếng và giàu có khác. Rồi trong khi các thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha và Bharadvaja đang tản bộ du hành, câu chuyện sau đây được khởi lên: "Thế nào là một vị Bà-la-môn?" Thanh niên Bharadvaja nói như sau: -- Nếu ai thiện sanh từ mẫu hệ và phụ hệ, huyết thống thanh tịnh cho đến bảy đời tổ phụ, không bị một vết nhơ nào, không bị một dèm pha nào về vấn đề huyết thống thọ sanh, như vậy là làm một vị Bà-la-môn. Thanh niên Vasettha nói như sau: -- Nếu ai có giới hạnh và thành tựu các cấm giới, như vậy là một vị Bà-la-môn. Thanh niên Bà-la-môn Bharadvaja không thể thuyết phục thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha, và thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha không thể thuyết phục thanh niên Bharadvaja. Rồi thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha nói với thanh niên Bà-la-môn Bharadvaja: -- Này Bharadvaja, Sa-môn Gotama này là Thích tử, xuất gia từ dòng họ Thích-ca, nay đang trú ở Icchanankala, tại khu rừng Icchanankala. Tiếng đồn tốt đẹp sau đây được truyền đi về Tôn giả Gotama: "Ðây là Thế Tôn... Phật, Thế Tôn". Này Tôn giả Bharadvaja, chúng ta hãy đến Sa-môn Gotama, sau khi đến hãy hỏi Tôn giả Gotama về nghĩa lý này, và Sa-môn Gotama trả lời như thế nào, chúng ta sẽ như vậy thọ trì. -- Thưa vâng. Thanh niên Bà-la-môn Bharadvaja vâng đáp thanh niên Vasettha. |
455. Atha kho vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā māṇavā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodiṃsu. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho vāseṭṭho māṇavo bhagavantaṃ gāthāhi ajjhabhāsi – ‘‘Anuññātapaṭiññātā, tevijjā mayamasmubho; Ahaṃ pokkharasātissa, tārukkhassāyaṃ māṇavo. ‘‘Tevijjānaṃ yadakkhātaṃ, tatra kevalinosmase; Padakasmā veyyākaraṇā [no byākaraṇā (syā. kaṃ. ka.)], jappe ācariyasādisā; Tesaṃ no jātivādasmiṃ, vivādo atthi gotama. ‘‘Jātiyā brāhmaṇo hoti, bhāradvājo iti bhāsati; Ahañca kammunā [kammanā (sī. pī.)] brūmi, evaṃ jānāhi cakkhuma. ‘‘Te na sakkoma ñāpetuṃ [saññattuṃ (pī.), saññāpetuṃ (ka.)], aññamaññaṃ mayaṃ ubho; Bhavantaṃ puṭṭhumāgamā, sambuddhaṃ iti vissutaṃ. ‘‘Candaṃ yathā khayātītaṃ, pecca pañjalikā janā; Vandamānā namassanti, lokasmiṃ gotamaṃ. ‘‘Cakkhuṃ loke samuppannaṃ, mayaṃ pucchāma gotamaṃ; Jātiyā brāhmaṇo hoti, udāhu bhavati kammunā [kammanā (sī. pī.)]; Ajānataṃ no pabrūhi, yathā jānemu brāhmaṇa’’nti. |
455.Anuññātapaṭiññātāti sikkhitā tumheti evaṃ ācariyehi anuññātā, āma ācariya sikkhitamhāti evaṃ sayañca paṭiññātā. Asmāti bhavāma. Ahaṃ pokkharasātissa, tārukkhassāyaṃ māṇavoti ahaṃ pokkharasātissa jeṭṭhantevāsī aggasisso, ayaṃ tārukkhassāti dīpeti. Tevijjānanti tivedānaṃ brāhmaṇānaṃ. Yadakkhātanti yaṃ atthato ca byañjanato ca ekaṃ padampi akkhātaṃ. Tatra kevalinosmaseti taṃ sakalaṃ jānanato tattha niṭṭhāgatamhāti attho. Idāni taṃ kevalibhāvaṃ āvikaronto padakasmātiādimāha. Tattha jappe ācariyasādisāti kathanaṭṭhāne mayaṃ ācariyasadisāyeva. Kammunāti dasakusalakammapathakammunā. Ayañhi pubbe sattavidhaṃ kāyavacīkammaṃ sandhāya ‘‘yato kho, bho, sīlavā hotī’’ti āha, tividhaṃ manokammaṃ sandhāya ‘‘vattasampanno’’ti. Tena samannāgato hi ācārasampanno hoti. Cakkhumāti pañcahi cakkhūhi cakkhumantabhāvena bhagavantaṃ ālapati. Khayātītanti ūnabhāvaṃ atītaṃ, paripuṇṇanti attho. Peccāti upagantvā. Namassantīti namo karonti. Cakkhuṃ loke samuppannanti avijjandhakāre loke taṃ andhakāraṃ vidhamitvā lokassa diṭṭhadhammikādiatthadassanena cakkhu hutvā samuppannaṃ. |
455. Rồi thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha và Bharadvaja cùng đi đến Thế Tôn, sau khi đến, nói lên với Thế Tôn những lời chào đón hỏi thăm, sau khi nói lên những lời chào đón hỏi thăm thân hữu, rồi ngồi xuống một bên. Ngồi xuống một bên, thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha dùng những bài kệ bạch Thế Tôn:
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456. ‘‘Tesaṃ vo ahaṃ byakkhissaṃ, (vāseṭṭhāti bhagavā) Anupubbaṃ yathātathaṃ; Jātivibhaṅgaṃ pāṇānaṃ, aññamaññāhi jātiyo. ‘‘Tiṇarukkhepi jānātha, na cāpi paṭijānare; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ tesaṃ, aññamaññā hi jātiyo. ‘‘Tato kīṭe paṭaṅge ca, yāva kunthakipillike; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ tesaṃ, aññamaññā hi jātiyo. ‘‘Catuppadepi jānātha, khuddake ca mahallake; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ tesaṃ, aññamaññā hi jātiyo. ‘‘Pādudarepi jānātha, urage dīghapiṭṭhike; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ tesaṃ, aññamaññā hi jātiyo. ‘‘Tato macchepi jānātha, udake vārigocare; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ tesaṃ, aññamaññā hi jātiyo. ‘‘Tato pakkhīpi jānātha, pattayāne vihaṅgame; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ tesaṃ, aññamaññā hi jātiyo. ‘‘Yathā etāsu jātīsu, liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ puthu; Evaṃ natthi manussesu, liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ puthu. ‘‘Na kesehi na sīsehi, na kaṇṇehi na akkhīhi; Na mukhena na nāsāya, na oṭṭhehi bhamūhi vā. ‘‘Na gīvāya na aṃsehi, na udarena na piṭṭhiyā; Na soṇiyā na urasā, na sambādhe na methune [na sambādhā na methunā (ka.)]. ‘‘Na hatthehi na pādehi, naṅgulīhi nakhehi vā; Na jaṅghāhi na ūrūhi, na vaṇṇena sarena vā; Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ neva, yathā aññāsu jātisu. |
456. Evaṃ vāseṭṭhena thometvā yācito bhagavā dvepi jane saṅgaṇhanto tesaṃ vo ahaṃ byakkhissantiādimāha. Tattha byakkhissanti byākarissāmi. Anupubbanti tiṭṭhatu tāva brāhmaṇacintā, tiṇarukkhakīṭapaṭaṅgato paṭṭhāya anupaṭipāṭiyā ācikkhissāmīti attho. Jātivibhaṅganti jātivitthāraṃ. Aññamaññā hi jātiyoti tesaṃ tesañhi pāṇānaṃ jātiyo aññamaññā nānappakārāti attho. Tiṇarukkheti anupādinnakajātiṃ katvā pacchā upādinnakajātiṃ kathessāmi, evaṃ tassa jātibhedo pākaṭo bhavissatīti imaṃ desanaṃ ārabhi. Mahāsīvatthero pana ‘‘kiṃ, bhante, anupādinnakaṃ bījanānatāya nānaṃ, upādinnaṃ kammanānatāyāti? Evaṃ vattuṃ na vaṭṭatī’’ti pucchito āma na vaṭṭati. Kammañhi yoniyaṃ khipati. Yonisiddhā ime sattā nānāvaṇṇā hontīti. Tiṇarukkheti ettha antopheggū bahisārā antamaso tālanāḷikerādayopi tiṇāneva, antosārā pana bahipheggū sabbe rukkhā nāma. Na cāpi paṭijānareti mayaṃ tiṇā mayaṃ rukkhāti vā, ahaṃ tiṇaṃ, ahaṃ rukkhoti vā evaṃ na jānanti. Liṅgaṃ jātimayanti ajānantānampi ca tesaṃ jātimayameva saṇṭhānaṃ attano mūlabhūtatiṇādisadisameva hoti. Kiṃ kāraṇā? Aññamaññā hi jātiyo. Yasmā aññā tiṇajāti, aññā rukkhajāti. Tiṇesupi aññā tālajāti, aññā nāḷikerajāti, evaṃ vitthāretabbaṃ. Iminā idaṃ dasseti – yaṃ jātivasena nānā hoti, taṃ attano paṭiññaṃ paresaṃ vā upadesaṃ vināpi aññajātito visesena gayhati. Yadi ca jātiyā brāhmaṇo bhaveyya, sopi attano paṭiññaṃ paresaṃ vā upadesaṃ vinā khattiyato vessato suddato vā visesena gayheyya, na ca gayhati. Tasmā na jātiyā brāhmaṇoti. Parato pana ‘‘yathā etāsu jātīsū’’ti gāthāya etamatthaṃ vacībhedeneva āvikarissati. Evaṃ anupādinnakesu jātiṃ dassetvā upādinnakesu dassento tato kīṭetiādimāha. Yāva kunthakipilliketi kunthakipillikaṃ pariyantaṃ katvāti attho. Ettha ca ye uppatitvā gacchanti, te paṭaṅgā nāma. Aññamaññā hi jātiyoti tesampi nīlarattādivaṇṇavasena jātiyo nānappakārāva honti. Khuddaketi kāḷakādayo. Mahallaketi sasabiḷārādayo. Pādūdareti udarapāde, udaraṃyeva nesaṃ pādāti vuttaṃ hoti. Dīghapiṭṭhiketi sappānañhi sīsato yāva naṅguṭṭhā piṭṭhiyeva hoti, tena te ‘‘dīghapiṭṭhikā’’ti vuccanti. Udaketi odake, udakamhi jāte. Pakkhīti sakuṇe. Te hi pattehi yantīti pattayānā, vehāsaṃ gacchantīti vihaṅgamā. Evaṃ thalajalākāsagocarānaṃ pāṇānaṃ jātibhedaṃ dassetvā idāni yenādhippāyena taṃ dasseti, taṃ āvikaronto yathā etāsūti gāthamāha. Tassattho saṅkhepena vuttova. Vitthārato panettha yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ sayameva dassento na kesehītiādimāha. Tatrāyaṃ yojanā – yaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘natthi manussesu liṅgajātimayaṃ puthū’’ti, taṃ evaṃ natthīti veditabbaṃ. Seyyathidaṃ? Na kesehīti. Na hi – ‘‘brāhmaṇānaṃ edisā kesā honti, khattiyānaṃ edisā’’ti niyamo atthi yathā hatthiassamigādīnanti iminā nayena sabbaṃ yojetabbaṃ. Liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ neva, yathā aññāsu jātisūti idaṃ pana vuttassevatthassa nigamananti veditabbaṃ. Tassāyaṃ yojanā – evaṃ yasmā imehi kesādīhi natthi manussesu liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ puthu, tasmā veditabbametaṃ ‘‘brāhmaṇādibhedesu manussesu liṅgaṃ jātimayaṃ neva, yathā aññāsu jātisū’’ti. |
456. Ðức Thế Tôn bèn nói:
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457. ‘‘Paccattañca sarīresu [paccattaṃ sasarīresu (sī. pī.)], manussesvetaṃ na vijjati; Vokārañca manussesu, samaññāya pavuccati. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, gorakkhaṃ upajīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, kassako so na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, puthusippena jīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, sippiko so na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, vohāraṃ upajīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, vāṇijo so na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, parapessena jīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, pessako [pessiko (sī. syā. kaṃ. pī.)] so na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, adinnaṃ upajīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, coro eso na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, issatthaṃ upajīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, yodhājīvo na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, porohiccena jīvati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, yājako so na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Yo hi koci manussesu, gāmaṃ raṭṭhañca bhuñjati; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, rājā eso na brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Na cāhaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ brūmi, yonijaṃ mattisambhavaṃ; Bhovādi [bhovādī (syā. kaṃ.)] nāma so hoti, sace hoti sakiñcano; Akiñcanaṃ anādānaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. |
457. Idāni evaṃ jātibhede asatipi ‘‘brāhmaṇo khattiyo’’ti idaṃ nānattaṃ yathā jātaṃ , taṃ dassetuṃ paccattanti gāthamāha. Tattha vokāranti nānattaṃ. Ayaṃ panettha saṅkhepattho – yathā hi tiracchānānaṃ yonisiddhameva kesādisaṇṭhānena nānattaṃ, tathā brāhmaṇādīnaṃ attano attano sarīre taṃ natthi. Evaṃ santepi yadetaṃ ‘‘brāhmaṇo khattiyo’’ti vokāraṃ, taṃ vokārañca manussesu samaññāya pavuccati, vohāramatteneva pavuccatīti. Ettāvatā bhagavā bhāradvājassa vādaṃ niggaṇhitvā idāni yadi jātiyā brāhmaṇo bhaveyya, ājīvasīlācāravipannopi brāhmaṇo bhaveyya. Yasmā pana porāṇā brāhmaṇā tassa brāhmaṇabhāvaṃ na icchanti, loke ca aññepi paṇḍitamanussā, tasmā vāseṭṭhassa vādaṃ paggaṇhanto yo hi koci manussesūti aṭṭha gāthā āha. Tattha gorakkhanti khettarakkhaṃ, kasikammanti vuttaṃ hoti. Goti hi pathaviyā nāmaṃ, tasmā evamāha. Puthusippenāti tantavāyakammādinānāsippena. Vohāranti vaṇijjaṃ. Parapessenāti paresaṃ veyyāvaccakammena. Issatthanti āvudhajīvikaṃ, usuñca sattiṃ cāti vuttaṃ hoti. Porohiccenāti purohitakammena. Evaṃ brāhmaṇasamayena ca lokavohārena ca ājīvasīlācāravipannassa abrāhmaṇabhāvaṃ sādhetvā evaṃ sante na jātiyā brāhmaṇo, guṇehi pana brāhmaṇo hoti. Tasmā yattha katthaci kule jāto yo guṇavā, so brāhmaṇo, ayamettha ñāyoti evametaṃ ñāyaṃ atthato āpādetvā idāni naṃ vacībhedena pakāsento na cāhaṃ brāhmaṇantiādimāha. Tassattho – ahañhi yvāyaṃ catunnaṃ yonīnaṃ yattha katthaci jāto, tatrāpi visesena yo brāhmaṇassa saṃvaṇṇitāya mātari sambhūto, taṃ yonijaṃ mattisambhavaṃ, yā cāyaṃ ubhato sujātotiādinā nayena brāhmaṇehi brāhmaṇassa parisuddhauppattimaggasaṅkhātā yoni vuttā, saṃsuddhagahaṇikoti iminā ca mātisampatti, tatopi jātasambhūtattā yonijo mattisambhavoti vuccati, taṃ yonijaṃ mattisambhavaṃ iminā ca yonijamattisambhavamattena na brāhmaṇaṃ brūmi. Kasmā? Yasmā, bho bhoti, vacanamattena aññehi sakiñcanehi visiṭṭhattā bhovādi nāma so hoti, sace hoti sakiñcano sapalibodho. Yo panāyaṃ yattha katthaci jātopi rāgādikiñcanābhāvena akiñcano, sabbagahaṇapaṭinissaggena anādāno, akiñcanaṃ anādānaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmibrāhmaṇaṃ. Kasmā? Yasmā bāhitapāpoti. |
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458. ‘‘Sabbasaṃyojanaṃ chetvā, yo ve na paritassati; Saṅgātigaṃ visaṃyuttaṃ [visaññuttaṃ (ka.)], tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Chetvā naddhiṃ [naddhiṃ (sī. pī.)] varattañca, sandānaṃ sahanukkamaṃ; Ukkhittapalighaṃ buddhaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Akkosaṃ vadhabandhañca, aduṭṭho yo titikkhati; Khantībalaṃ balānīkaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Akkodhanaṃ vatavantaṃ, sīlavantaṃ anussadaṃ; Dantaṃ antimasārīraṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Vāripokkharapatteva, āraggeriva sāsapo; Yo na limpati kāmesu, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yo dukkhassa pajānāti, idheva khayamattano; Pannabhāraṃ visaṃyuttaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Gambhīrapaññaṃ medhāviṃ, maggāmaggassa kovidaṃ; Uttamatthamanuppattaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Asaṃsaṭṭhaṃ gahaṭṭhehi, anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ; Anokasārimappicchaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Nidhāya daṇḍaṃ bhūtesu, tasesu thāvaresu ca; Yo na hanti na ghāteti, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Aviruddhaṃ viruddhesu, attadaṇḍesu nibbutaṃ; Sādānesu anādānaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yassa rāgo ca doso ca, māno makkho ca ohito; Sāsaporiva āraggā, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. |
458. Kiñcabhiyyo sabbasaṃyojanaṃ chetvātiādi sattavīsati gāthā. Tattha sabbasaṃyojananti dasavidhasaṃyojanaṃ. Na paritassatīti taṇhāparitassanāya na paritassati. Saṅgātiganti rāgasaṅgādayo atikkantaṃ. Visaṃyuttanti catūhi yonīhi sabbakilesehi vā visaṃyuttaṃ. Naddhinti upanāhaṃ. Varattanti taṇhaṃ. Sandānanti yuttapāsaṃ, diṭṭhipariyuṭṭhānassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Sahanukkamanti anukkamo vuccati pāse pavesanagaṇṭhi, diṭṭhānusayassetaṃ nāmaṃ. Ukkhittapalighanti ettha palighoti avijjā. Buddhanti catusaccabuddhaṃ. Titikkhatīti khamati. Khantibalanti adhivāsanakhantibalaṃ. Sā pana sakiṃ uppannā balānīkaṃ nāma na hoti, punappunaṃ uppannā pana hoti. Tassā atthitāya balānīkaṃ. Vatavantanti dhutaṅgavantaṃ. Sīlavantanti guṇavantaṃ. Anussadanti rāgādiussadavirahitaṃ. ‘‘Anussuta’’ntipi pāṭho, anavassutanti attho. Dantanti nibbisevanaṃ. Na limpatīti na allīyati. Kāmesūti kilesakāmavatthukāmesu. Dukkhassapajānāti, idheva khayanti ettha arahattaphalaṃ dukkhakkhayoti adhippetaṃ. Pajānātīti adhigamavasena jānāti. Pannabhāranti ohitabhāraṃ, khandhakilesaabhisaṅkhārakāmaguṇabhāre otāretvā ṭhitaṃ. Visaṃyuttapadaṃ vuttatthameva. Gambhīrapaññanti gambhīresu ārammaṇesu pavattapaññaṃ. Medhāvinti pakatipaññāya paññavantaṃ. Anāgārehicūbhayanti anāgārehi ca visaṃsaṭṭhaṃ ubhayañca, dvīhipi cetehi visaṃsaṭṭhamevāti attho. Anokasārinti okaṃ vuccati pañcakāmaguṇālayo, taṃ anallīyamānanti attho. Appicchanti anicchaṃ. Tasesūti sataṇhesu. Thāvaresūti nittaṇhesu. Attadaṇḍesūti gahitadaṇḍesu. Nibbutanti kilesanibbānena nibbutaṃ. Sādānesūti saupādānesu. Ohitoti patito. |
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459. ‘‘Akakkasaṃ viññāpaniṃ, giraṃ saccaṃ udīraye; Yāya nābhisajje kiñci, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yo ca dīghaṃ va rassaṃ vā, aṇuṃ thūlaṃ subhāsubhaṃ; Loke adinnaṃ nādeti [nādiyati (sī. pī.)], tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Āsā yassa na vijjanti, asmiṃ loke paramhi ca; Nirāsāsaṃ [nirāsayaṃ (sī. pī.)] visaṃyuttaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yassālayā na vijjanti, aññāya akathaṃkathiṃ; Amatogadhaṃ anuppattaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yodhapuññañca pāpañca, ubho saṅgaṃ upaccagā; Asokaṃ virajaṃ suddhaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Candaṃ va vimalaṃ suddhaṃ, vippasannaṃ anāvilaṃ; Nandībhavaparikkhīṇaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yo imaṃ palipathaṃ duggaṃ, saṃsāraṃ mohamaccagā; Tiṇṇo pāraṅgato jhāyī, anejo akathaṃkathī; Anupādāya nibbuto, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yodhakāme pahantvāna [pahatvāna (sī.)], anāgāro paribbaje; Kāmabhavaparikkhīṇaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yodhataṇhaṃ pahantvāna, anāgāro paribbaje; Taṇhābhavaparikkhīṇaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Hitvā mānusakaṃ yogaṃ, dibbaṃ yogaṃ upaccagā; Sabbayogavisaṃyuttaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Hitvā ratiñca aratiṃ, sītībhūtaṃ nirūpadhiṃ; Sabbalokābhibhuṃ vīraṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Cutiṃ yo vedi sattānaṃ, upapattiñca sabbaso; Asattaṃ sugataṃ buddhaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yassa gatiṃ na jānanti, devā gandhabbamānusā; Khīṇāsavaṃ arahantaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Yassa pure ca pacchā ca, majjhe ca natthi kiñcanaṃ; Akiñcanaṃ anādānaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Usabhaṃ pavaraṃ vīraṃ, mahesiṃ vijitāvinaṃ; Anejaṃ nhātakaṃ [nahātakaṃ (sī. pī.)] buddhaṃ, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. ‘‘Pubbenivāsaṃ yo vedi, saggāpāyañca passati; Atho jātikkhayaṃ patto, tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. |
459.Akakkasanti niddosaṃ. Sadoso hi rukkhopi sakakkasoti vuccati. Viññāpaninti atthaviññāpanikaṃ. Saccanti avisaṃvādikaṃ. Udīrayeti bhaṇati. Yāyanābhisajjeti yāya girāya parassa sajjanaṃ vā lagganaṃ vā na karoti, tādisaṃ apharusaṃ giraṃ bhāsatīti attho. Dīghanti suttāruḷhabhaṇḍaṃ. Rassanti vippakiṇṇabhaṇḍaṃ. Aṇunti khuddakaṃ. Thūlanti mahantaṃ. Subhāsubhanti sundarāsundaraṃ. Dīghabhaṇḍañhi appagghampi hoti mahagghampi. Rassādīsupi eseva nayo. Iti ettāvatā na sabbaṃ pariyādiṇṇaṃ, ‘‘subhāsubha’’nti iminā pana pariyādiṇṇaṃ hoti. Nirāsayanti nittaṇhaṃ. Ālayāti taṇhālayā. Aññāyāti jānitvā. Amatogadhanti amatabbhantaraṃ. Anuppattanti anupaviṭṭhaṃ. Ubho saṅganti ubhayampetaṃ saṅgaṃ. Puññañhi sagge laggāpeti, apuññaṃ apāye, tasmā ubhayampetaṃ saṅganti āha. Upaccagāti atīto. Anāvilanti āvilakaraṇakilesavirahitaṃ. Nandībhavaparikkhīṇanti parikkhīṇanandiṃ parikkhīṇabhavaṃ. ‘‘Yo ima’’nti gāthāya avijjāyeva visaṃvādakaṭṭhena palipatho, mahāviduggatāya duggaṃ, saṃsaraṇaṭṭhena saṃsāro, mohanaṭṭhena mohoti vutto. Tiṇṇoti caturoghatiṇṇo. Pāraṅgatoti nibbānaṃ gato. Jhāyīti ārammaṇalakkhaṇūpanijjhānavasena jhāyī. Anejoti nittaṇho. Anupādāyanibbutoti kiñci gahaṇaṃ aggahetvā sabbakilesanibbānena nibbuto. Kāmeti duvidhepi kāme. Anāgāroti anāgāro hutvā. Paribbajeti paribbajati. Kāmabhavaparikkhīṇanti khīṇakāmaṃ khīṇabhavaṃ. Mānusakaṃ yoganti mānusakaṃ pañcakāmaguṇayogaṃ. Dibbaṃ yoganti dibbaṃ pañcakāmaguṇayogaṃ. Sabbayogavisaṃyuttanti sabbakilesayogavisaṃyuttaṃ. Ratinti pañcakāmaguṇaratiṃ. Aratinti kusalabhāvanāya ukkaṇṭhitaṃ. Vīranti vīriyavantaṃ. Sugatanti sundaraṃ ṭhānaṃ gataṃ, sundarāya vā paṭipattiyā gataṃ. Gatinti nibbattiṃ. Pureti atīte. Pacchāti anāgate. Majjheti paccuppanne. Kiñcananti kiñcanakārako kileso. Mahesinti mahante guṇe pariyesanaṭṭhena mahesiṃ. Vijitāvinanti vijitavijayaṃ. |
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460. ‘‘Samaññā hesā lokasmiṃ, nāmagottaṃ pakappitaṃ; Sammuccā samudāgataṃ, tattha tattha pakappitaṃ. ‘‘Dīgharattānusayitaṃ, diṭṭhigatamajānataṃ; Ajānantā no [ajānantā noti ajānantā eva (ṭīkā)] pabrunti [pabruvanti (sī. pī.)], jātiyā hoti brāhmaṇo. ‘‘Na jaccā brāhmaṇo [vasalo (syā. kaṃ. ka.)] hoti, na jaccā hoti abrāhmaṇo [brāhmaṇo (syā. kaṃ. ka.)]; Kammunā brāhmaṇo [vasalo (syā. kaṃ. ka.)] hoti, kammunā hoti abrāhmaṇo [brāhmaṇo (syā. kaṃ. ka.)]. ‘‘Kassako kammunā hoti, sippiko hoti kammunā; Vāṇijo kammunā hoti, pessako hoti kammunā. ‘‘Coropi kammunā hoti, yodhājīvopi kammunā; Yājako kammunā hoti, rājāpi hoti kammunā. ‘‘Evametaṃ yathābhūtaṃ, kammaṃ passanti paṇḍitā; Paṭiccasamuppādadassā, kammavipākakovidā. ‘‘Kammunā vattati loko, kammunā vattati pajā; Kammanibandhanā sattā, rathassāṇīva yāyato. ‘‘Tapena brahmacariyena, saṃyamena damena ca; Etena brāhmaṇo hoti, etaṃ brāhmaṇamuttamaṃ. ‘‘Tīhi vijjāhi sampanno, santo khīṇapunabbhavo; Evaṃ vāseṭṭha jānāhi, brahmā sakko vijānata’’nti. |
460. Evaṃ bhagavā guṇato khīṇāsavaṃyeva brāhmaṇaṃ dassetvā ye jātito brāhmaṇoti abhinivesaṃ karonti, te idaṃ ajānantā, sāva nesaṃ diṭṭhi duddiṭṭhīti dassento samaññā hesāti gāthādvayamāha. Tassattho – yadidaṃ brāhmaṇo khattiyo bhāradvājo vāseṭṭhoti nāmagottaṃ pakappitaṃ kataṃ abhisaṅkhataṃ, samaññā hesā lokasmiṃ, vohāramattanti attho. Kasmā? Yasmā samuccā samudāgataṃ samaññāya āgataṃ. Etañhi tattha tattha jātakāleyevassa ñātisālohitehi pakappitaṃ kataṃ. No ce naṃ evaṃ pakappeyyuṃ, na koci kiñci disvā ayaṃ brāhmaṇoti vā bhāradvājoti vā jāneyya. Evaṃ pakappitaṃ petaṃ dīgharattānusayitaṃ, diṭṭhigatamajānataṃ, taṃ pakappitaṃ nāmagottaṃ ‘‘nāmagottamattametaṃ, vohāratthaṃ pakappita’’nti, ajānantānaṃ sattānaṃ hadaye dīgharattaṃ diṭṭhigatamanusayitaṃ. Tassa anusayitattā taṃ nāmagottaṃ ajānantā no pabrunti, ‘‘jātiyā hoti brāhmaṇo’’ti ajānantāva evaṃ vadantīti vuttaṃ hoti. Evaṃ ‘‘ye ‘jātito brāhmaṇo’ti abhinivesaṃ karonti, te idaṃ vohāramattaṃ ajānantā, sāva nesaṃ diṭṭhi duddiṭṭhī’’ti dassetvā idāni nippariyāyameva jātivādaṃ paṭikkhipanto kammavādañca patiṭṭhapento na jaccātiādimāha. Tattha ‘‘kammunā’’ti upaḍḍhagāthāya vitthāraṇatthaṃ kassako kammunātiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha kammunāti paccuppannena kasikammādinibbattakacetanākammunā. Paṭiccasamuppādadassāti iminā paccayena evaṃ hotīti evaṃ paṭiccasamuppādadassāvino. Kammavipākakovidāti sammānāvamānārahakule kammavasena uppatti hoti, aññāpi hīnapaṇītatā hīnapaṇīte kamme vipaccamāne hotīti. Evaṃ kammavipākakusalā. Kammunā vattatīti gāthāya pana lokoti vā pajāti vā sattoti vā ekoyevattho, vacanamattabhedo. Purimapadena cettha ‘‘atthi brahmā mahābrahmā seṭṭho sajitā’’ti diṭṭhiyā paṭisedho veditabbo. Kammunā hi tāsu tāsu gatīsu vattati loko, tassa ko sajitāti. Dutiyapadena ‘‘evaṃ kammunā nibbattopi ca pavattepi atītapaccuppannabhedena kammunā vattati, sukhadukkhāni paccanubhonto hīnapaṇītādibhedañca āpajjanto pavattatī’’ti dasseti. Tatiyena tamevatthaṃ nigameti ‘‘evaṃ sabbathāpi kammanibandhanā sattā kammeneva baddhā hutvā pavattanti, na aññathā’’ti. Catutthena tametthaṃ upamāya vibhāveti. Yathā hi rathassa yāyato āṇi nibandhanaṃ hoti, na tāya anibaddho yāti, evaṃ lokassa nibbattato ca pavattato ca kammaṃ nibandhanaṃ, na tena anibaddho nibbattati na pavattati. Idāni yasmā evaṃ kammanibandhano loko, tasmā seṭṭhena kammunā seṭṭhabhāvaṃ dassento tapenāti gāthādvayamāha. Tattha tapenāti dhutaṅgatapena. Brahmacariyenāti methunaviratiyā. Saṃyamenāti sīlena . Damenāti indriyadamena. Etenāti etena seṭṭhena parisuddhena brahmabhūtena kammunā brāhmaṇo hoti. Kasmā? Yasmā etaṃ brāhmaṇamuttamaṃ, yasmā etaṃ kammaṃ uttamo brāhmaṇaguṇoti vuttaṃ hoti. ‘‘Brahmāna’’ntipi pāṭho. Ayaṃ panettha vacanattho – brahmaṃ ānetīti brahmānaṃ, brāhmaṇabhāvaṃ āvahatīti vuttaṃ hoti. Dutiyagāthāya santoti santakileso. Brahmā sakkoti brahmā ca sakko ca, yo evarūpo, so na kevalaṃ brāhmaṇo, atha kho brahmā ca sakko ca so vijānataṃ paṇḍitānaṃ, evaṃ vāseṭṭha, jānāhīti vuttaṃ hoti. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānamevāti. Papañcasūdaniyā majjhimanikāyaṭṭhakathāya Vāseṭṭhasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. |
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461. Evaṃ vutte, vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā māṇavā bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama, abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama! Seyyathāpi, bho gotama, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya – cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantīti – evamevaṃ bhotā gotamena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Ete mayaṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsake no bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gate’’ti. Vāseṭṭhasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ aṭṭhamaṃ.
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461. Khi được nghe nói vậy, hai thanh niên Bà-la-môn Vasettha và Bharadvaja bạch Thế Tôn: -- Thật vi diệu thay, tôn giả Gotama! Thật vi diệu thay, Tôn giả Gotama! Như người dựng đứng lại những gì bị quăng ngã xuống, phơi bày ra những gì bị che kín, chỉ đường cho người bị lạc hướng, đem đèn sáng vào trong bóng tối để những ai có mắt có thể thấy sắc; cũng vậy, Chánh pháp đã được Thế Tôn dùng nhiều phương tiện trình bày, giải thích. Thưa Tôn giả Gotama, nay con xin quy y Tôn giả Gotama, quy y Pháp và quy y chúng Tỷ-kheo. Mong Tôn giả Gotama nhận chúng con làm cư sĩ, từ nay cho đến mạng chung, chúng con trọn đời quy ngưỡng. Hòa thượng Thích Minh Châu dịch Việt |
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