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Dictionary Information
This dictionary is provided to this website by courtesy of the people
who created it and worked on it. Its original form is a program stored at
Metta Net, http://www.metta.lk/ ,
who allowed this dictionary to be posted here.
Note that the dictionary is copyrighted. It is provided for free
distribution on a non-profit, non-commercial basis. This
dictionary is based on the Concise Pali-English and English-Pali
Dictionary by Venerable A.P. Buddhadatta Mahathera. It is a dictionary for
beginners to help one get started on learning Pali and then move on to
more comprehensive dictionaries.
Below is the list of people who created and worked on it:
-- Phra Acan Sau of Malaysia, Ven. Rahula of Nepal, Ven. Dhammapala
of Malaysia, Ven. Dhamma Jyoti of India, Ven. Mon Dhammadinna of
Myanmar, Ven. Sao Suvan of Myanmar, Phra Maha Anucha of Thailand, Phra
Maha Phichit of Thailand, Phra En Piang of Malaysia, Ven. Kolita of
Nepal, Ven. Saddhatissa of Nepal, Ven. Phuntsok of India, Ven.
Sheelaratna of India, Ven. Sao Sutananda of Myanmar, Ven. Sao Sukhaminda
of Myanmar, Ven. Sao Aggavamsa of Myanmar, Ven. Sao K.H. Nyaninda of
Myanmar, Ven. Sao Pannavamsa of Myanmar, Ven. Ashin Manijoti of Myanmar,
Ven. Sao Pannananda of Myanmar, Ven. Sao Indobhasa of Myanmar, Ven.
Indasilo of Indonesia and Indika Rohan Peiris.
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Please note:
VU-Times
font (Unicode) is used in this
Dictionary |
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Alphabet and
Pronunciation
Alphabet:
The Pāḷi alphabet consist of 41 letters: 8 vowels, the niggahīta (ṁ),
and 32 consonants.
| Vowels: |
a, ā, i, ī, u,
ū, e, o |
| Niggahīta: |
ṁ |
| Consonants: |
k, kh, g, gh,
ṅ, c, ch, j, jh, ñ, ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ, t, th, d, dh, n, p, ph, b, bh,
m, y, r, l, ḷ, v, s, h |
Pronunciation:
(pronounced similar to the example)
| a |
as in but,
hut; a in banana |
| ā |
as in father,
cart, heart |
| i |
as in bit,
tip, it |
| ī |
as in machine,
keen, clean |
| u |
as in put,
foot, push |
| ū |
as in rude,
boot, youth |
| e |
as in way,
fade, cape (long always except before a double
consonant in which it is short - as in bed, bet, head)
|
| o |
as in home,
bone, know (long always except before a double
consonant in which it is short as in not, saw, all) |
| |
|
| ṁ |
as ṅ or
m - pure nasal without release through the mouth (It is most
characteristically stated as a humming sound produced when the vocal
cords are vibrating and the air is emitted through the nose only.
There are two prominent pronunciations which depends on the
community). |
| |
|
| k |
as in skin,
cook, candle |
| kh |
as in king,
backhand |
| g |
as in girl,
good, gift |
| gh |
as in log-head,
big-house |
| ṅ |
as in sing,
finger, ink |
| c |
as in choose,
chin, discharge |
| ch |
as in ranch-house,
ranch-hand |
| j |
as in jug, gem,
judge |
| jh |
as in hedge-hog |
| ñ |
as Spanish señor |
| ṭ |
as t but
with the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate
(retroflection) |
| ṭh |
as th but
with the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate
(retroflection) |
| ḍ |
as d but
with the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate
(retroflection) |
| ḍh |
as dh but
with the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate
(retroflection) |
| ṇ |
as n but
with the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate
(retroflection) |
| t |
as in stay,
stand (but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the
teeth) |
| th |
as in light-house,
ant-hill (but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the
teeth) |
| d |
as in dog,
dirt, door (but with the rip of the tongue at the back
of the teeth) |
| dh |
as in mad-house,
red-house (but with the rip of the tongue at the back of the
teeth) |
| n |
as in name,
north, no (but with the rip of the tongue at the back
of the teeth) |
| p |
as in space,
spend |
| ph |
as in top-hat,
upheavel, uphill |
| b |
as in bag,
born, bed |
| bh |
as in lab-host,
rub-hard |
| m |
as in him,
mother, map |
| y |
as in yes,
year, you |
| r |
as in ram,
ring, roam (pronounced smoothy and similar to english
r, retroflex prositioning) |
| l |
as in lamp,
light |
| ḷ |
same as l
but with the tongue tip curled back just under the hard palate
(retroflection) |
| v |
a labiodental
approximant, a sort of in-between the english v and w. |
| s |
as in sit,
story, smoke |
| h |
as in inherent,
voiced fricative |
* the digraphs dh, etc., are to be taken as single sounds, the
h representing aspiration - double consonants are pronounced
seperately the first having no release): example - dd in mad dog,
gg in big game, etc., or pronounced long: example - nn
in unnecessary
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last updated: 25-03-2005 |
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