1. Bhūpālā dhammena dīpaṃ pālentu.
kings / righteously / island / may…rule
May kings rule the island righteously.

2. Mā manusso bhāyatu, sace so saccaṃ jānāti, bhāsatu.
do not / man / let…fear / if / he / truth / knows / may…speak
Let the man not fear, if he knows the truth, may (he) speak.

3. Tumhe pāpaṃ karonte putte ovadatha.
you / evil / doing / sons / admonish!
You, admonish the sons doing evil.

4. Sugato dhammaṃ desetu, sāvakā ca upāsakā ca vihārasmiṃ nisīdanti.
Buddha / dhamma / may…preach / disciples and / lay devotees and / in monastery / sit
May the Buddha preach the dhamma, the disciples and lay devotees are sitting in the monastery.

5. Mā te pāpakammāni katvā manussalokamhā cavitvā narake (in purgatory) uppajjantu.
do not / they / evil deeds / having committed / from human world / having departed / in purgatory / may…be born
May they not commit evil deeds and be born in purgatory after departing from the human world.

6. Mā corā kassakānaṃ goṇe mārentu.
do not / robbers / farmers' / oxen / may…kill
May the robbers not kill the farmers' oxen.

7. Mā tvaṃ sunakhaṃ āmasāhi, so taṃ (you) ḍaseyya.
do not / you / dog / touch! / it / you / would bite
You, do not touch the dog, it will bite you.

8. Tumhe dīpe jāletvā vihārasmiṃ rūpāni oloketha.
you / lamps / light! / in monastery / murals / look!
You, light the lamps and look at the murals in the monastery.

9. Tumhe asappurise āmantetvā dhammena jīvituṃ anusāsatha.
you / wicked men / having addressed / righteously / to live / admonish!
You address the wicked men and admonish (them) to live righteously.

10. Putta, mā tvaṃ pāpamitte upasa'nkama.
son / do not / you / evil friends / approach!
Son, do not approach evil friends.

11. Sace tumhe saccaṃ bhāsituṃ ussaheyyātha, tumhe sappurisā bhaveyyātha.
if / you / truth / to speak / would try / you / good men / will become
If you try to speak the truth, you will become good men.

12. Sace tvaṃ pāsāṇe khipeyyāsi, kākā ca sakuṇā ca ākāsaṃ uppateyyuṃ.
if / you / stones / would throw / crows and / birds and / [into] sky / would fly
If you throw stones, the crows and birds will fly into the sky.

13. Mā dāraka pānīyaṃ pivitvā pattaṃ bhinda.
do not / child / drinking water / having drunk / bowl / break!
Child, do not break the bowl after drinking water.

14. Mā suvaṇṇaṃ coretvā gacchantā corā samuddaṃ tarantu.
do not / gold / having stolen / going / robbers / sea / let…cross
Let the robbers who are going after stealing gold not cross the sea.

15. Upāsaka, mā putte akkosāji, samaṇehi saddhiṃ mantetvā putte anusāsāhi.
lay devotee / do not / sons / scold / with monks / having discussed / sons / admonish!
Lay devotee, do not scold (your) sons, admonish (your) sons after discussing with the monks.

1. May the king ruling the island protect the people righteously.
bhūpālo / pālento / dīpaṃ / rakkhatu / purise / dhammena
Dīpaṃ pālento bhūpālo dhammena purise rakkhatu.

2. Let the children playing in the park collect falling leaves.
dārakā / kīḷantā / uyyāne / ocinantu / patantāni / paṇṇāni
Uyyāne kīḷantā dārakā patantāni paṇṇāni ocinantu.

3. Let the farmers and merchants assemble in the king's park.
kassakā ca / vāṇijā ca / sannipatantu / bhūpālassa / uyyānasmiṃ
Kassakā ca vāṇijā ca bhūpālassa uyyānasmiṃ sannipatantu.

4. Let the sons climb the mountain to see lions, deer and birds.
puttā / āruhantu / pabbataṃ / passituṃ / sīhe ca / mige ca / sakuṇe ca
Puttā sīhe ca mige ca sakuṇe ca passituṃ pabbataṃ āruhantu.

5. Do not cut trees in forests if you wish to protect deer.
mā chināhi / rukkhe / araññesu / sace / tvaṃ / iccha / rakkhituṃ / mige
Sace tvaṃ mige rakkhituṃ iccha mā araññesu rukkhe chināhi.

6. Let the child not come down the stairway, he will fall.
dārako / mā oruhatu / sopānamhā / so / patissati
Mā dārako sopānamhā oruhatu, so patissati.

7. Let the farmer plough the fields and sow seeds, let him not kill goats.
kassako / kasitvā / khettāni / vapatu / bījāni / so / mā hanatu / aje
Kassako khettāni kasitvā bījāni vapatu, mā so aje hanatu.

8. Let the parrots fly taking fruits with their beaks.
suvā / uppatantu / gahetvā / phalāni / tuṇḍehi
Tuṇḍehi phalāni gahetvā suvā uppatantu.

9. Sons, do not commit sins, live righteously.
puttā / mā karotha / pāpaṃ / jīvatha / dhammena
Puttā, mā tumhe pāpaṃ karotha, dhammena jīvatha.

10. May the disciples of the Buddha get alms and robes.
sāvakā / Buddhassa / labhantu / dānāni ca / cīvarāni ca
Buddhassa sāvakā dānāni ca cīvarāni ca labhantu.

11. Let the children come out of the house and see the moon rising from the mountain.
dārakā / nikkhamma / gehasmā / passantu / candaṃ / udentaṃ / pabbatamhā
Gehasmā nikkhamma dārakā pabbatamhā udentaṃ candaṃ passantu.

12. Boys, do not go and kill deer in the forest with the hunter.
kumārā / mā / gantvā / māretha / mige / araññe / luddakena saha
Kumārā, mā (tumhe) luddakena saha gantvā araññe mige māretha.

13. You (pl.) run home and bring water for the farmers ploughing the field.
tumhe / dhāvitvā / gehaṃ / āharatha / pānīyaṃ / kassakānaṃ / kasantānaṃ / khettaṃ
Gehaṃ dhāvitvā tumhe khettaṃ kasantānaṃ kassakānaṃ pānīyaṃ āharatha.

14. Do not ask questions from the king's messenger.
mā / puccha / pañhe / bhūpālassa / dūtasmā
Mā bhūpālassa dūtasmā pañhe puccha.

15. You lay devotees should try to avoid evil and do good deeds.
tumhe / upāsakā / ussahatha / parivajjetvā / akusalaṃ / katuṃ / kusalakammāni
Tumhe upāsakā akusalaṃ parivajjetvā kusalakammāni katuṃ ussahatha.

1. Kassako khettaṃ kasitvā nahāyituṃ udakaṃ otari.
farmer / field / having ploughed / to bathe / water / entered
After ploughing the field, the farmer entered the water to bathe.

2. Uggaṇhantānaṃ dārakānaṃ dātuṃ ācariyā kusumāni āhariṃsu.
learning / to children / to give / teachers / flowers / brought
The teachers brought flowers to give to the learning children (students).

3. Upāsakā āsanehi uṭṭhahitvā dhammaṃ desetuṃ upasa'nkamantaṃ samaṇaṃ vandiṃsu.
lay devotees / from seats / having got up / dhamma / to preach / approaching / to monk / paid respect
The lay devotees rose from (their) seats and paid respect to the monk approaching to preach the dhamma.

4. Nagaresu kammāni katvā vetane labhituṃ āka'nkhamānā narā gāmehi nikkhamiṃsu.
in cities / deeds / having done / wages / to receive / hoping / people / from villages / left
Hoping to do work in the cities and receive pay, the people left the villages.

5. Ācariyo āsanaṃ dussena chādetvā samaṇaṃ nisīdituṃ nimantesi.
teacher / seat / with cloth / having covered / monk / to sit / invited
Having covered the seat with a cloth, the teacher invited the monk to sit.

6. Kumāro dvāraṃ vivaritvā rukkhamhā oruhante vānare passamāno aṭṭhāsi (stood).
boy / door / having opened / from trees / descending / monkeys / seeing / stood
The boy opened the door and stood watching monkeys climbing down from the trees.

7. Paṇḍito goṇe coretvā akusalaṃ karonte nare pakkositvā ovadi.
wise man / oxen / having stolen / evil / doing / men / having summoned / admonished
The wise man called and admonished the men stealing the oxen and doing evil.
Alt: The wise man summoned and advised people who commit evil by stealing cattle.

8. Yācakassa puttā rukkhehi patantāni phalāni saṃharitvā āpaṇasmiṃ vikkiṇiṃsu.
beggar's / sons / from trees / falling / fruits / having collected / at market / sold
The beggar's sons collected fruits falling from trees and sold (them) at the market.

9. Kassako dhaññaṃ minitvā vāṇijassa vikkiṇituṃ pahiṇi.
farmer / grain / having measured / to merchant / to sell / sent
The farmer, having weighed the grain, sent (it) to sell to the merchant.

10. Dhammaṃ uggaṇhitvā samaṇo bhavituṃ āka'nkhamāno amacco ācariyaṃ pariyesamāno Buddhaṃ upasa'nkami.
dhamma / having learnt / monk / to become / wishing / minister / teacher / seeking / Buddha / approached
Wishing to learn the dhamma and become a monk, the minister seeking a teacher approached the Buddha.

11. Sace tumhe gāmaṃ pāpuṇeyyātha mitte olokeyyātha.
if / you / village / would reach / friends / would see
If you reach the village, you would see friends.

12. Paṇḍitamhā pañhe pucchitvā saccaṃ jānituṃ mātulo ussahi.
from wise man / questions / having asked / truth / to know / uncle / tried
The uncle tried to ask questions from the wise man and find out the truth.

13. Pāsāṇamhi ṭhatvā ajaṃ khādantaṃ sīhaṃ disvā vānarā bhāyiṃsu.
on rock / having stood / goat / eating / lion / having seen / monkeys / got frightened
Having seen the lion standing on the rock and eating a goat, the monkeys got frightened.

14. Rukkhamūle nisīditvā gitāni gāyantānaṃ kumārānaṃ kāyesu paṇṇāni ca pupphāni ca patiṃsu.
under a tree / having seated / songs / singing / boys' / on bodies / leaves and / flowers and / fell
Leaves and flowers fell on the bodies of the boys sitting under a tree and singing songs.

15. Tumhe dhanaṃ saṃharamānā mā samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ gacchatha.
you / wealth / collecting / do not / sea / having crossed / island / go!
(You) Do not cross the sea and go to the island collecting wealth.

16. Āpaṇasmiṃ bhaṇḍāni vikkiṇantassa vāṇijassa ratho atthi.
at shop / goods / selling / merchant's / chariot / it is
It is the chariot of the merchant selling goods at the shop.
Alt: The merchant who sells goods at the shop has a vehicle.

17. Ahaṃ puttassa dātuṃ dussaṃ sibbanto gītaṃ gāyiṃ.
I / to son / to give / clothes / sewing / song / sang
Sewing a piece of clothes to give my son, I sang a song.

18. Sūkarā ca sunakhā ca khette āvāṭe khaṇiṃsu.
pigs and / dogs and / in field / pits / dug
The pigs and dogs dug pits in the field.

19. Purisā rukkhamūle nisīditvā tāpasena bhāsamānaṃ suṇiṃsu.
people / at foot of tree / having seated / by ascetic / speech / listened
The people sat at the foot of the tree and listened to the speech by the ascetic.

20. Luddakena saddhiṃ vane āhiṇḍante putte āmantetvā kassakā akkosiṃsu.
with hunter / in forest / wandering / sons / having called / farmer / scolded
Having called the sons wandering in the forest with the hunter, the farmer scolded (them).

21. Mā tvaṃ suvaṇṇapattaṃ vikkiṇitvā khagge kiṇāhi.
do not / you / golden bowl / having sold / swords / buy!
(You) Do not sell the golden bowl and buy swords.

22. So bhaṇḍāni ca khettaṃ ca goṇe ca puttānaṃ datvā gehaṃ pahāya samaṇo bhavituṃ cintesi.
he / (household) articles and / field and / cattle and / to sons / having given / house / having left / monk / to be / intended
Having given (household) articles, the field and the cattle to (his) sons, he intended to leave the household and become a monk.

23. Dhammena jīvantā sappurisā mige na māresuṃ.
righteously / living / good men / not / killed
Living righteously, the good men did not kill deer.

24. Ahaṃ sopānaṃ āruhiṃ, te sopānamhā oruhiṃsu.
I / stairs / climbed / they / from stairs / descended
I climbed the stairs, they came down the stairs.

25. Sahāyakā udakaṃ otaritvā nahāyantā padumāni ociniṃsu.
friends / [into] water / having descended / bathing / lotuses / picked
Having descended into the water and bathing, the friends picked lotuses.

1. The child sprinkled the lotuses with water and honoured the Buddha with them.
dārako / āsiñcitvā / padumāni / udakena / pūjesi / Buddhaṃ / tehi
Dārako udakena padumāni āsiñcitvā tehi Buddhaṃ pūjesi.

2. Having received the pay the men went to the market and bought goods.
labhitvā / vetanaṃ / narā / gantvā / āpaṇaṃ / kiṇiṃsu / bhaṇḍāni
Vetanaṃ labhitvā narā āpaṇaṃ gantvā bhaṇḍāni kiṇiṃsu.

3. The fisherman brought fish from the sea and sold them to the farmers.
dhīvaro / āharitvā / macche / samuddasmā / vikkiṇi / kassakānaṃ
Dhīvaro samuddasmā macche āharitvā kassakānaṃ vikkiṇi.

4. If you go to bathe wash the clothes of the children.
sace / tvaṃ / gaccheyyāsi / nahāyituṃ / dhovāhi / dussāni / dārakānaṃ
Sace tvaṃ nahāyituṃ gaccheyyāsi dārakānaṃ dussāni dhovāhi.

5. The parrots and the crows flew into the sky from the trees.
sukā ca / kākā ca / uḍḍesuṃ / ākāsaṃ / rukkhehi
Sukā ca kākā ca rukkhehi ākāsaṃ uḍḍesuṃ.

6. Do not scold the children playing under the tree with the dog.
mā / akkosāhi / dārake / kīḷante / rukkhamūle / kukkurena saddhiṃ
Mā rukkhamūle kukkurena saddhiṃ kīḷante dārake akkosāhi.

7. I spoke to the people sitting in the park having assembled to see the king.
ahaṃ / kathesiṃ / manussānaṃ / nisīdantānaṃ / uyyānamhi / sannipatitvā / passituṃ / bhūpālaṃ
Ahaṃ bhūpālaṃ passituṃ sannipatitvā uyyānamhi nisīdantānaṃ manussānaṃ kathesiṃ.

8. We got frightened seeing a serpent enter the house.
mayaṃ / bhāyimha / disvā / sappaṃ / pavisantaṃ / gehaṃ
Mayaṃ gehaṃ pavisantaṃ sappaṃ disvā bhāyimha.

9. I gave water to my son eating rice together with his friend.
ahaṃ / adāsiṃ/adadiṃ / pānīyaṃ / puttāya / bhuñjantāya / bhattaṃ / mittena saha
Ahaṃ bhattaṃ bhuñjantāya mittena saha puttāya pānīyaṃ adāsiṃ/adadiṃ.

10. Do not do evil, do good to enter heaven after departing from the human world.
mā / karotha / pāpāni / karotha / kusalāni / pavisituṃ / saggaṃ / cavitvā / manussalokāmhā
Mā pāpāni karotha; manussalokāmhā cavitvā saggaṃ pavisituṃ kusalāni karotha.

1. Sace sabhāyaṃ kaññāyo katheyyuṃ ahaṃ pi kathessāmi.
if / in assembly / girls / would speak / I / too / will speak
If the girls speak in the assembly, I will speak too.

2. Dārikāyo pupphāni ocinitvā sālāyaṃ nisīditvā mālāyo kariṃsu.
girls / flowers / having collected / in hall / having seated / garlands / made
Having collected flowers, the girls sat in the hall and made garlands.

3. Vanitā rukkhassa sākhāyo chinditvā ākaḍḍhi.
woman / tree's / branches / having cut / dragged
The woman cut and dragged the branches of the tree.

4. Bhariyā mañjūsāsu vatthāni ca suvaṇṇaṃ ca ṭhapesi.
wife / in boxes / clothes and / gold and / kept
The wife kept clothes and gold in the boxes.

5. Dārikā pāsādassa chāyāyaṃ nisīditvā vālukāya kīḷiṃsu.
girls / palace's / in shadow / having seated / with sand / played
The girls sat in the shadow of the palace and played with sand.

6. Bhariyāya kathaṃ sutvā pasīditvā kassako sappuriso abhavi.
wife's / speech / having heard / having being pleased / farmer / good man / became
Having heard (his) wife's speech and was glad, the farmer became a good man.
Alt: Being pleased hearing the talk of the wife, the farmer became a good man.

7. Devatāyo puññāni karonte dhammena jīvante manusse rakkhantu.
deities / meritorious deeds / doing / righteously / living / people / may…protect
May the deities protect the people who live righteously doing meritorious deeds.

8. Pabbatasmiṃ guhāsu vasantā sīhā vālukāya kīḷante mige māresuṃ.
in mountain / in caves / living / lions / on sand / playing / deer / killed
The lions living in the caves in the mountain killed the deer playing on the sand.

9. Ammā dārikāya kujjhitvā hatthena pahari.
mother / with girl / having got angry / with hand / hit
The mother got angry with the girl and hit her with her hand.

10. Vanitāyo saddhāya bhattaṃ pacitvā vihāraṃ netvā samaṇānaṃ pūjesuṃ.
women / with devotion / rice / having cooked / (to) monastery / having taken / to monks / offered
With devotion, the women cooked the rice, took (it) to the monastery and offered to the monks.

11. Tumhe mā suraṃ pivatha, mā gilānā (sick) bhavituṃ ussahatha.
you / do not / liquor / drink! / do not / sick / to be / try!
You, do not drink liquor, do not try to fall ill!

12. Dhammena dhanaṃ saṃharamānā paññāya putte posentā narā manussaloke sukhaṃ vindanti.
righteously / wealth / collecting / with wisdom / sons / nurturing / people / in human world / happiness / experience
Lit: Collecting wealth righteously and bringing up sons with wisdom, people experience joy in the world.
People who collect wealth by fair means and nurture children with wisdom enjoy happiness in the human world.

13. Sace tumhe nāvāya ga'ngaṃ tareyyātha dīpasmiṃ vasante tāpase disvā āgantuṃ sakkissatha.
if / you / by boat / Ganges / would cross / on island / living / hermits / having seen / to come / will be able
If you cross Ganges by boat, you will be able to come after seeing hermits living on the island.

14. Parisaṃ parivāretvā pāsādamhā nikkhamantaṃ bhūpālaṃ disvā vanitāyo modanti.
[by] retinue / having [being] accompanied / from palace / leaving / king / having seen / women / are happy
The women are happy seeing the king leaving the palace accompanied by his retinue.

15. Kaññāyo sālāyaṃ sannipatitvā kumārehi saddhiṃ sallapiṃsu.
girls / in hall / having assembled / with boys / engaged in conversation
The girls assembled in the hall and chatted with the boys.

16. Khudāya pīḷentaṃ gilānaṃ yācakaṃ disvā ammā bhattaṃ adadi/adāsi.
by hunger / oppressing / sick man / beggar / having seen / mother / rice / gave
Having seen the sick beggar oppressed with hunger, mother gave (him) rice.

17. Guhāyaṃ nilīyitvā suraṃ pivantā corā sīhaṃ passitvā bhāyiṃsu.
in cave / having hid / liquor / drinking / robbers / lion / having seen / were fightened
Hiding in the cave and drinking liquor, the robbers saw the lion and were frightened.
Alt: Robbers drinking liquor hiding in the cave were frightened on seeing a lion.

18. Varāhe māretvā jīvanto naro gilāno hutvā dukkhaṃ vindati.
pigs / having killed / living / man / sick man / having become / suffering / experiences
The man, who lives on killing pigs, becomes sick and experiences suffering.

19. Vāṇijassa āpaṇe mañjūsāyaṃ mūlaṃ (money) atthi.
merchant's / at shop / in box / money / there is
There is money in the box at the merchant's shop.

20. Samaṇā manusse pāpā nivāretvā sappurise kātuṃ vāyamanti.
monks / people / from evil / having prevented / good men / to make / try
The monks try to make people good by preventing (them) from evil.

1. The man stood on the road asking (from) my mother the way to go to the monastery.
naro / aṭṭhāsi / magge / pucchanto / ammāya / maggaṃ / gantuṃ / vihāraṃ
Vihāraṃ gantuṃ maggaṃ ammāya pucchanto naro magge aṭṭhāsi.

2. Having prepared rice with faith for the monks, the woman took it to the monastery.
paṭiyādetvā / odanaṃ / saddhāya / samaṇānaṃ / vanitā / nesi / vihāraṃ
Saddhāya samaṇānaṃ odanaṃ paṭiyādetvā vanitā vihāraṃ nesi.

3. You can live righteously and seek wealth.
tvaṃ / sakkosi / jīvanto / dhammena / pariyesituṃ / dhanaṃ
Tvaṃ dhammena jīvanto dhanaṃ pariyesituṃ sakkosi.

4. Sitting in the shade of the house the girls cut branches from the creeper.
nisīdantiyo / chāyāyaṃ / gehassa / kaññāyo / chindiṃsu / sākhāyo / latāya
Gehassa chāyāyaṃ nisīdantiyo kaññāyo latāya sākhāyo chindiṃsu.

5. Wicked men did not advise their sons who drink liquor.
asappurisā / na ovadiṃsu / putte / pivante / suraṃ
Asappurisā suraṃ pivante putte na ovadiṃsu.

6. Taking the basket and money the girl went to the market to buy corn.
ādāya/gahetvā / piṭakaṃ ca / mūlaṃ ca / dārikā / agacchi/agami / āpaṇaṃ / kiṇituṃ / dhaññaṃ
Piṭakaṃ ca mūlaṃ ca ādāya/gahetvā dārikā dhaññaṃ kiṇituṃ āpaṇaṃ agacchi/agami.

7. If you light lamps the lay devotees will see the objects in the monastery.
sace / tvaṃ / jāleyyāsi / dīpe / upāsakā / passissanti / rūpāni / vihārasmiṃ
Sace tvaṃ dīpe jāleyyāsi upāsakā vihārasmiṃ rūpāni passissanti.

8. O good men, you learn the dhamma and try to live righteously.
sappurisā / tumhe / uggaṇhitvā / dhammaṃ / ussahatha / jīvituṃ / dhammena
Sappurisā tumhe dhammaṃ uggaṇhitvā dhammena jīvituṃ ussahatha.

9. If you try, you can avoid evil and do good.
yadi / tumhe / ussaheyyātha / (tumhe) / sakkotha / parivajjetvā / pāpaṃ / kātuṃ / puññaṃ
Yadi tumhe ussaheyyātha pāpaṃ parivajjetvā puññaṃ kātuṃ sakkotha.

10. Having seen the lion sleeping in the cave, the woman ran.
disvā / sīhaṃ / sayantaṃ / guhāyaṃ / vanitā / dhāvi
Guhāyaṃ sayantaṃ sīhaṃ disvā vanitā dhāvi.

1. Ammāya mañjūsāyaṃ pakkhittaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ dārikā na gaṇhi.
by/of mother / in box / kept / gold / girl / did not take
The girl did not take the gold kept in the box by the mother.
The girl did not take the gold kept in the mother's box.

2. Dhotāni vatthāni gahetvā bhariyā udakamhā uttari.
washed / clothes / having taken / wife / from water / come out
Having taken the washed clothes the wife stepped out of the water.
Alt: The wife stepped out of the water taking the washed clothes.

3. Kassakehi uyyāne ropitesu rukkhesu phalāni bhaviṃsu.
by farmers / in park / planted / on trees / fruits / there were
There were fruits on the trees planted in the park by the farmers.

4. Buddhā devehi ca narehi ca pūjitā honti.
Buddhas / by gods and / by men and / honoured / are
Buddhas are honoured by gods and men.

5. Udakena pūritaṃ pattaṃ gahetvā vanitā gehaṃ āgatā hoti.
with water / filled / bowl / having taken / woman / [to] house / come / has
Having taken the bowl filled with water, the woman has come to the house.
Alt: The woman has come to the house taking/carrying a bowl filled with water.

6. Adhammena (unrighteously) dīpaṃ pālentena bhūpālena pīḷitā manussā kuddhā honti.
unrighteously / island / ruling / by king / oppressed / people / angry / are
The people oppressed by the king ruling the island unrighteously are angry.

7. Pakkaṃ (ripe) phalaṃ tuṇḍena gahetvā uḍḍentaṃ suvaṃ ahaṃ apassiṃ.
ripe / fruit / with beak / having taken / flying / parrot / I / saw
I saw a flying parrot taking a ripe fruit in its beak.

8. Udento suriyo brāhmaṇena namassito hoti.
rising / sun / by brahmin / worshipped / is
The rising sun is worshipped by the brahmin.

9. Ammāya jālitaṃ dīpaṃ ādaya putto vihāraṃ paviṭṭho hoti.
by mother / lighted / lamp / have taken / son / monastery / entered / has
Having taken the lamp lighted by (his) mother, the son has entered the monastery.
Alt: The son has entered the monastery taking/carrying/holding a lamp lit by (his) mother.

10. Vanitāya dussena chādite āsane samaṇo nisīditvā sannipatitāya parisāya dhammaṃ desesi.
by woman / with cloth / covered / on seat / monk / having seated / assembled / to retinue / dhamma / preached
Having seated on a seat covered with a cloth by the woman, the monk preached the dhamma to the assembled retinue/audience/congregation/people.

11. Kassakena khettaṃ ānītā goṇā tiṇaṃ khādantā āhiṇḍiṃsu.
by farmer / [to] field / brought / oxen / grass / eating / roamed
The oxen brought to the field by the farmer roamed (about) eating grass.

12. Vāṇijā mañjūsāsu ṭhapitāni dussāni na vikkiṇiṃsu.
merchants / in boxes / kept / clothes / did no sell
The merchants did not sell clothes kept in boxes.

13. Sace tvaṃ saccaṃ jāneyyāsi mā puttaṃ akkosa.
if / you / truth / may...know / do not / son / scold!
If you know the truth, do not reproach (your) son.

14. Nāvāya nikkhantā narā samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ pāpuṇitvā bhariyāhi saddhiṃ kathentā modanti.
by boat / leaving / people / sea / having crossed / island / having crossed / with wives / talking / are happy
The people, who left by the boat, crossed the sea and reached the island, are happy talking with (their) wives.

15. Magge ṭhite vāṇijassa sakaṭe ahaṃ kaññāya ānītāni bhaṇḍāni ṭhapesiṃ.
on road / stood / merchant's / in cart / I / by girl / brought / goods / kept
I kept the goods brought by the girl in the merchant's cart stationed on the road.

16. Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetvā jīvantā manussā devatāhi rakkhitā honti.
righteously / received / with wealth / children / having brought up / living / people / by gods / protected / are
People who live bringing up (their) children with righteously earned wealth are protected by gods.

17. Sāvakehi ca upāsakehi ca parivārito Buddho vihārassa chāyāya nisinno hoti.
by disciples and / by lay devotees and / accompanied / Buddha / monastery's / shade / seated / is
The Buddha, accompanied by disciples and lay devotees, is seated in the shade of the monastery.

18. Ammāya pāpehi nivāritā puttā sappurisā hutvā dhammaṃ suṇanti.
by mother / from evil / prevented / sons / good men / having become / [to] dhamma / listen
The sons who were prevented from evil by the mother become noble men and listen to the dhamma.

19. Kassake pīḷentā corā paṇḍitena anusāsitā sappurisā bhavituṃ vāyamantā upāsakehi saddhiṃ uyyāne rukkhe ropenti.
farmers / oppressing / thieves / by wise man / admonished / good men / to become / trying / with lay devotees / in park / trees / plant
Thieves who were oppressing farmers were admonished by the wise man, and trying to become good men they plant trees in the park with lay devotees.

20. Vanitā puttāya paṭiyāditamhā bhattamhā khudāya pīḷitassa yācakassa thokaṃ (little) datvā pānīyaṃ ca dadi/adāsi.
woman / for son / prepared / from rice / by hunger / oppressed / to beggar / little / having given / water / and / gave
The woman gave a little (of) the rice prepared for (her) son to the starving beggar and gave water (too).

21. Sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā dārikāya gāyituṃ gītaṃ sutvā kaññāyo modiṃsu.
in assembly / having seated / by girl / to sing / song / having heard / girls / were happy
The girls seated in the assembly were delighted hearing the song sung by the little girl.

22. Amaccena nimantitā purisā sālāyaṃ nisīdituṃ asakkontā (unable) uyyāne sannipatiṃsu.
by minister / invited / people / in hall / to sit / unable / in park / assembled
Being unable to sit in the hall, the people invited by the minister assembled in the park.

23. Kassakehi khettesu vuttehi bījehi thokaṃ (little) sakuṇā khādiṃsu.
by farmers / in fields / sown / seeds / little / birds / ate
The birds ate a little (of) the seeds sown in the fields by the farmers.

24. Kumārehi rukkhamūle nilīyitvā sayanto sappo diṭṭho hoti.
by/from boys / under tree / having hidden / sleeping / snake / seen / is
The snake is found/seen hiding and sleeping under the tree by the boys.
Alt: The snake is found hiding from the boys and sleeping under the tree.

25. Vāṇijena dīpamhā āhaṭāni vatthāni kiṇituṃ vanitāyo icchanti.
by merchant / from island / brought / clothes / to buy / women / wish
The women wish to buy the clothes brought by the merchant from the island.

26. Sace bhūpālo dhammena manusse rakkheyya te kammāni katvā dārake posentā sukhaṃ vindeyyuṃ.
if / king / righteously / people / protect / they / work / having done / children / bringing up / happiness / would experience
If the king protects the people by fair means, they would experience happiness doing work and bringing up (their) children.

27. Puttena yācitā ammā mittānaṃ odanaṃ paṭiyādesi.
by son / begged / mother / for friends / meal / prepared
Begged by (her) son, the mother prepared a meal for (his) friends.

28. Amaccena puṭṭhaṃ pañhaṃ adhigantuṃ asakkonto corānaṃ dūto cintetuṃ ārabhi.
by minister / asked / question / to understand / unable / thieves' / messenger / to think / began
The thieves' messenger began to think being unable to understand the question asked by the minister.

29. Corehi guhāyaṃ nilīyitāni bhaṇḍāni passitvā vānarā tāni (them) ādāya rukkhe āruhiṃsu.
by thieves / in caves / hidden / goods / having seen / monkeys / them / having taken / trees / climbed
Seeing the goods hidden in the caves by the thieves, the monkeys took them and climbed the trees.

30. Ahaṃ pariyesitaṃ dhammaṃ adhigantvā modāmi.
I / sought for / doctrine/truth / having understood / am happy
Having understood the doctrine/truth I sought for, I am happy.

1. The man who came to the assembly could not speak with the ministers.
naro / āgato / sabhaṃ / na sakkosi / kathetuṃ / amaccehi saha
Sabhaṃ āgato naro amaccehi saha kathetuṃ na sakkosi.

2. The child ran to the shop taking the money given by the mother.
dārako / dhāvi / āpaṇaṃ / ādāya / mulaṃ / dinnaṃ / ammāya
Ammāya dinnaṃ mulaṃ ādāya dārako āpaṇaṃ dhāvi.

3. The king is seated in the chariot drawn by the horses.
bhūpālo / hoti / nisinno / rathe / ākaḍḍhite / assehi
Bhūpālo assehi ākaḍḍhite rathe nisinno hoti.

4. Having discussed with the wise man the farmers sent a messenger to the king.
mantetvā / paṇḍitena saha / kassakā / pesesuṃ / dūtaṃ / santikaṃ / bhūpālāya
Paṇḍitena saha mantetvā kassakā bhūpālāya santikaṃ dūtaṃ pesesuṃ.

5. The children went out of the open door.
dārakā / nikkhamiṃsu / vivaṭamhā / dvāramhā
Dārakā vivaṭamhā dvāramhā nikkhamiṃsu.

6. The women who got down to the water washed clothes and bathed.
vanitāyo / otaritvā / udakamhi / dhovitvā / vatthāni / nahāyiṃsu
Udakamhi otaritvā vanitāyo vatthāni dhovitvā nahāyiṃsu.

7. Buddhas and their disciples are worshipped by gods and men.
Buddhā ca / sāvakā ca / honti / vanditā / devehi ca / narehi ca
Buddhā ca sāvakā ca devehi ca narehi ca vanditā honti.

8. The merchant sold the clothes sewn by women.
vāṇijo / vikkiṇi / dussāni / sibbitāni / vanitāhi
Vāṇijo vanitāhi sibbitāni dussāni vikkiṇi.

9. I did not take the flowers and fruits brought by the girl from the forest.
ahaṃ / na gaṇhiṃ / pupphāni ca / phalāni ca / āhaṭāni / kaññāya / araññasmā
Ahaṃ araññasmā kaññāya āhaṭāni pupphāni ca phalāni ca na gaṇhiṃ.

10. Being chased by the dog, the girls quickly (sīghaṃ) ran home.
anubandhitāyo / kukkurena / dārikāyo / sīghaṃ / dhāviṃsu / gehaṃ
Kukkurena anubandhitāyo dārikāyo sīghaṃ gehaṃ dhāviṃsu.

11. The teacher having seen the evil deed done by the girl advised her.
ācariyo / disvā / pāpakammaṃ / kataṃ / dārikāya / ovadi / (taṃ)
Dārikāya kataṃ pāpakammaṃ disvā ācariyo ovadi.

12. We did not light the lamps prepared by the women.
mayaṃ / na jālayimha / dīpe / paṭiyādite / vanitāhi
Vanitāhi paṭiyādite dīpe mayaṃ na jālayimha.

13. You do not drag the branches cut by the farmer from the mountain.
tumhe / mā ākaḍḍhatha / sākhāyo / chinnāyo / kassakena / pabbatamhā
Mā tumhe pabbatamhā kassakena chinnāyo sākhāyo ākaḍḍhatha.

14. Without getting the pay for the work done, the woman is angry.
alabhitvā / vetanaṃ / kammassa / assa* / vanitā / hoti / kuddhā
Vanitā assa kammassa vetanaṃ alabhitvā kuddhā hoti.

15. Do not ask for fruits from the boy sitting on the branch.
mā yacāhi / phalāni / kumārasmā / nisīdantasmā / sākhāyaṃ
Mā sākhāyaṃ nisīdantasmā kumārasmā phalāni yacāhi.

16. The woman who is scolded by the brahmin cries, seated at the door.
vanitā / akkositā / brāhmaṇena / rodati / nisinnā / dvārasmiṃ
Brāhmaṇena akkositā dvārasmiṃ nisinnā vanitā rodati.

17. The girl being called by the mother ran home to eat rice.
dārikā / pakkositā / ammāya / dhāvi / gehaṃ / bhuñjituṃ / odanaṃ
Ammāya pakkositā dārikā odanaṃ bhuñjituṃ gehaṃ dhāvi.

18. The men who tried to cut the creepers started pulling the branches.
manussā / ussahitā / chindituṃ / latāyo / ārabhiṃsu / ākaḍḍhituṃ / sākhāyo
Latāyo chindituṃ ussahitā manussā sākhāyo ākaḍḍhituṃ ārabhiṃsu.

19. The farmer who makes a living righteously, ploughing his fields experiences happiness with his wife and children.
kassako / jīvanto / dhammena / kasanto / khette / vindati / sukhaṃ / bhariyāya ca / dārakehi ca
Dhammena jīvanto kassako khette kasanto bhariyāya ca dārakehi ca sukhaṃ vindati.

20. Deities who have departed from the world of gods and are born in the human world rejoice listening to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.
devā / cavitvā / devalokamhā / uppajjitvā / manussalokamhi / modanti / suṇantā / dhammaṃ / desitaṃ / Buddhena
Devalokamhā cavitvā manussalokamhi uppajjitvā devā Buddhena desitaṃ dhammaṃ suṇantā modanti.

21. The thieves who were instructed by the monk became good men.
corā / anusāsitā / samaṇena / bhaviṃsu / sappurisā
Samaṇena anusāsitā corā sappurisā bhaviṃsu.

22. There were no fruits on the trees planted by the farmer.
bhaviṃsu / na / phalāni / rukkhesu / ropitesu / kassakena
Kassakena ropitesu rukkhesu phalāni na bhaviṃsu.

23. Bitten by the dog the girl ran home and cried.
daṭṭhā / kukkurena / kaññā / dhāvitvā / gehaṃ / rodi
Kukkurena daṭṭhā kaññā gehaṃ dhāvitvā rodi.

24. The minister is not known to the doctor.
amacco / hoti / na ñāto / vejjena
Amacco vejjena na ñāto hoti.

25. Seated under the tree the girls played with sand.
nisīnnayo / rukkhamūle / dārikāyo / kīḷiṃsu / vālukāya
Rukkhamūle nisīnnayo dārikāyo vālukāya kīḷiṃsu.

26. Sons, do not drink liquor.
puttā / mā / pibatha / suraṃ
Puttā, mā suraṃ pibatha.

27. Mothers prevent children from evil.
ammāyo / nivārenti / dārake / pāpasmā
Ammāyo dārake pāpasmā nivārenti.

28. I gave water to the dog oppressed with thirst.
ahaṃ / adāsiṃ/adadiṃ pānīyaṃ / kukkurāya / pīḷitāya / pipāsena
Ahaṃ pipāsena pīḷitāya kukkurāya pānīyaṃ adāsiṃ/adadiṃ.

29. Seeing the hunter coming we hid among the trees.
disvā / luddakaṃ / upasa'nkamantaṃ / mayaṃ / nilīyimha / rukkhesu
Upasa'nkamantaṃ luddakaṃ disvā mayaṃ rukkhesu nilīyimha.

30. We prepared alms with faith and gave to the monks.
mayaṃ / paṭiyādetvā / dānāni / saddhāya / dadimha / samaṇānaṃ
Mayaṃ saddhāya dānāni paṭiyādetvā samaṇānaṃ dadimha.

* Assa is the dative form of ayaṃ. In this case, assa kammassa = for this word.

1. Bhūpālo rājiniyā saddhiṃ nāvāya nadiṃ taranto udake carante macche olokento amaccehi saddhiṃ katheti.
king / with queen / by boat / river / crossing / in water / moving / fish / looking (at) / with ministers / speaks
Crossing the river by boat with (his) queen, the king looking at the fish swimming in the water speaks with (his) ministers.

2. Pāniyaṃ pivitvā dārikāya bhūmiyaṃ nikkhitto patto bhinno hoti.
water / having drunk / by girl / on ground / placed / bowl / broken / is
The bowl placed on the ground by the girl after drinking water is broken.

3. Kassakānaṃ gāviyo aṭaviyaṃ āhiṇḍitvā khettaṃ āgamiṃsu.
farmers' / cows / in forest / having roamed / [to] field / came
The farmers' cows roamed in the forest and came to the field.

4. Rattiyā samuddasmiṃ patitā candassa rasmiyo oloketvā taruṇiyo modiṃsu.
at night / on sea / fallen / moon's / rays / having seen / young women / were happy
The young women, having seen the moonlight falling on the sea at night, were happy.

5. Upāsakā iddhiyā ākāse gacchantaṃ tāpasaṃ disvā pasannā honti.
lay devotees / by psychic power / through sky / going / ascetic / having seen / pleased (with) / are
The lay devotees are pleased seeing the ascetic going through the sky by psychic power.

6. Bhaginiyā saddhiṃ pokkharaṇiyā tīre (bank) ṭhatvā so padumāni ocinituṃ vāyami.
with sister / pond's / on bank / having stood / he / lotuses / to pick / tried
Having stood on the bank of the pond with (his) sister, he tried to pick lotuses.

7. Nāriyo vāpīsu nahāyituṃ vā (or) vatthāni dhovituṃ vā na icchiṃsu.
women / at tanks / to bathe or / clothes / to wash or / did not wish
The women did not wish to bathe or wash clothes at the tanks.

8. Yuvatiyā puṭṭhaṃ pañhaṃ vyākātuṃ asakkonto ahaṃ tāya (with her) saddhiṃ sallapituṃ ārabhiṃ.
by maiden / asked / question / to explain / unable / I / with her / to engage in conversation / began
Unable to explain the question asked by the maiden, I began to talk with her.

9. Asappurisassa puttena kataṃ pāpakammaṃ paṭicchādetuṃ ammā na ussahi.
wicked man's / by son / done / evil deed / to conceal / mother / did not try
Mother did not try to conceal the evil deed done by the wicked man's son.
[ The following is provided in the Key to Pali Primer. ]
Mother did not try to conceal the evil deed done by (her) wicked son.

10. Bhaginiyā dussena veṭhetvā mañcasmiṃ ṭhapitaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ itthī mañjūsāyaṃ pakkhipi.
by sister / in cloth / having wrapped / on bed / kept / goods / woman / in box / placed
The woman placed in the box the goods wrapped in cloth and kept on the bed by (her) sister.

11. Mā tumhe magge sayantaṃ kukkuraṃ viheṭhetha.
do not / you / on road / sleeping / dog / harass
(You) Do not harass the dog sleeping on the road.

12. Sappuriso amacco dhanaṃ vissajjetvā yācakānaṃ vasituṃ sālāyo gāmesu karitvā bhūpālaṃ ārocesi.
virtuous man / minister / money / having spent / for beggars / to live / halls / in villages / having built / king / informed
The virtuous minister spent money and built halls in the villages for beggars to live, and informed the king.

13. Kumāro suvaṃ hatthamhā muñcitvā taṃ uḍḍentaṃ passamāno rodanto rukkhamūle aṭṭhāsi.
boy / parrot / from hand / having released / it / flying / seeing / crying / under tree / stood
Having released the parrot from (his) hand, the boy seeing it flying stood under the tree crying.

14. Saddhāya dānaṃ dadamānā kusalaṃ karontā sappurisā puna (again) manussaloke uppajjituṃ patthenti.
with faith / alms / giving / meritorious deeds / doing / good men / again / human world / to be born / aspire
Giving alms with faith and doing meritorious deeds, the good men aspire to be born in the human world again.

15. Kumāro mañjūsaṃ vivaritvā sāṭakaṃ nīharitvā ammāya pesesi.
boy / box / having opened / garment / having taken out / to mother / sent
The boy opened the box, took out the garment and sent (it) to (his) mother.

1. There are lotuses and fishes in ponds in the king's park.
santi / padumāni ca / macchā ca / pokkharaṇīsu / bhūpālassa / uyyāne
Bhūpālassa uyyāne pokkharaṇīsu padumāni ca macchā ca santi.

2. The young women picked lotuses from the tank and kept them on the ground.
taruṇiyo / ocinitvā / padumāni / vāpiyā / ṭhapesuṃ / bhūmiyaṃ
Taruṇiyo vāpiyā padumāni ocinitvā bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapesuṃ.

3. The queen spoke with her sisters who came having crossed the river by boat.
rājinī / kathesi / bhaginīhi saha / āgatāhi / taritvā / nadiṃ / doṇiyā
Doṇiyā nadiṃ taritvā āgatāhi bhaginīhi saha rājinī kathesi.

4. I saw the dog chasing the cow in the field.
ahaṃ / passiṃ / kukkuraṃ / anubandhantaṃ / gāviṃ / khettasmiṃ
Ahaṃ khettasmiṃ gāviṃ anubandhantaṃ kukkuraṃ passiṃ

5. Women and girls did not climb trees to pick fruits and flowers.
nāriyo ca / kumāriyo ca / na āruhiṃsu / rukkhe / ocinituṃ / phalāni ca / pupphāni ca
Nāriyo ca kumāriyo ca phalāni ca pupphāni ca ocinituṃ rukkhe na āruhiṃsu.

6. You (pl.) went to the river to bathe and got frightened hearing the peal of thunder (asanisaddaṃ).
tumhe / gantvā / nadiṃ / nahāyituṃ / bhāyittha / sutvā / asanisaddaṃ
Nahāyituṃ nadiṃ gantvā tumhe asanisaddaṃ sutvā bhāyittha.

7. You (pl.) do not conceal the evil committed with your friends.
tumhe / mā / paṭiccādetha / pāpaṃ / kataṃ / mittehi saha
Mā tumhe mittehi saha kataṃ pāpaṃ paṭiccādetha.

8. If you spent money to buy clothes, inform your mother.
sace / tvaṃ / vissajjeyyāsi / mūlaṃ / kiṇituṃ / vatthāni / ārocehi / ammaṃ
Sace tvaṃ vatthāni kiṇituṃ mūlaṃ vissajjeyyāsi, ammaṃ ārocehi.

9. Send the lotuses wrapped in lotus leaves to the young girls seated in the hall.
pesehi / padumāni / veṭhitāni / paduma-paṇṇehi / taruṇīnaṃ / nisinnānaṃ / sālāyaṃ
Sālāyaṃ nisinnānaṃ taruṇīnaṃ paduma-paṇṇehi veṭhitāni padumāni pesehi.

10. We can explain the questions asked by the women in the assembly.
mayaṃ / sakkoma / vyākātuṃ / pañhe / puṭṭhe / vanitāhi / sabhāyaṃ
Sabhāyaṃ vanitāhi puṭṭhe pañhe mayaṃ vyākātuṃ sakkoma.